IAS Prelims Question 2011

1 - The 2004 Tsunami made people realize that mangroves can serve as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities. How do mangroves function as a safety hedge?

(Geography)

(a) The mangrove swamps separate the human settlements from the sea by a wide zone in which people neither live not venture out

(b) The mangroves provide both food and medicines which people are in need of after any natural disaster.

(d) The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots

Ans. Option (d) is the correct option because mangrove trees have extensive and specialized root systems that help them withstand storms, tides, and other coastal calamities. Let's explain how mangrove trees function as a safety hedge based on this option:

(d) The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots.

Mangrove trees have evolved to thrive in the challenging coastal environments where they grow, which are often subjected to strong tides, storms, and other natural disasters. One of the key adaptations of mangroves is their unique root systems, which consist of the following features:

1. Prop roots: Many mangrove species have prop roots that extend from the trunk and branches down into the soil. These roots provide additional support to the trees and help anchor them firmly in the muddy substrate, making them more resistant to being uprooted by strong winds or water currents.

2. Pneumatophores: Some mangrove species, such as the Avicennia genus, develop specialized aerial roots called pneumatophores. These structures allow the trees to obtain oxygen even in waterlogged soils, enhancing their ability to survive in tidal and flood-prone areas.

3. Buttress roots: In addition to prop roots, some mangrove species have buttress roots that extend horizontally from the base of the trunk. Buttress roots provide stability and support to the tree, helping it withstand the lateral forces exerted by storms and tides.

4. Salt excretion: Mangroves have the ability to excrete excess salt through special salt glands on their leaves. This adaptation allows them to survive in saline environments where other plant species might not be able to grow.

Because of these unique root adaptations, mangrove trees can withstand the force of strong winds and waves during storms and tides. Their root systems effectively anchor them to the substrate and prevent them from being uprooted and washed away during coastal calamities like cyclones and tsunamis. As a result, mangrove forests act as a natural barrier, protecting coastal communities, infrastructure, and other ecosystems located behind them from the devastating impacts of such disasters.

It is important to note that while mangroves provide valuable protection, they are not invincible, and the extent of their protective function can vary based on factors such as the intensity and frequency of the calamity and the health of the mangrove ecosystem itself. Nonetheless, recognizing and preserving the ecological importance of mangroves can significantly contribute to enhancing coastal resilience and mitigating the risks posed by coastal calamities.

Mangroves are indeed vital in serving as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities, particularly tsunamis and other natural disasters. Here's a more detailed explanation of how mangroves function as a protective barrier:

1. Wave dissipation: The dense root systems and complex network of mangrove trees act as a natural barrier that helps dissipate the energy of incoming waves. When tsunami waves approach the coast, they are slowed down and broken apart as they pass through the intricate maze of roots and vegetation. This process significantly reduces the height and force of the waves before they reach the shoreline, providing a protective buffer for coastal communities and infrastructure.

2. Coastal erosion prevention: Mangroves play a crucial role in stabilizing the coastal soil and preventing erosion. The extensive root systems of mangrove trees trap sediments and bind the soil together, effectively holding the coastline in place. This helps protect against erosion caused by wave action and storm surges, ensuring that the land remains intact and reducing the risk of damage to coastal settlements.

3. Absorption of floodwaters: Mangroves have the ability to absorb large quantities of water during heavy rainfall, storm surges, or tsunamis. Their root systems are well-adapted to handling both saltwater and freshwater, and they act like natural sponges, soaking up excess water and reducing the extent of flooding in coastal areas. By absorbing and retaining water, mangroves can help prevent further damage to nearby communities and infrastructure.

4. Buffer against storm surges: Storm surges, caused by intense storms or cyclones, lead to a rapid rise in sea levels. Mangroves act as a buffer against storm surges by breaking the force of the water and slowing down its movement. This natural barrier helps protect coastal areas from being inundated by the high waters associated with storm surges, reducing the risk of damage and loss of life.

5. Biodiversity support: Mangrove ecosystems are incredibly rich in biodiversity, supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species. The dense roots and vegetation of mangroves create complex habitats that serve as nurseries and breeding grounds for many marine species. The presence of healthy mangrove ecosystems helps maintain the balance of coastal ecosystems, which, in turn, can contribute to the resilience of the entire coastal environment against natural disasters.

6. Carbon sequestration: Mangroves are highly efficient at sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They store large amounts of carbon in their biomass and sediments, making them significant contributors to carbon sequestration. This capacity helps mitigate the effects of climate change, which can influence the intensity and frequency of coastal calamities.

Overall, mangroves provide a range of valuable ecosystem services that make them indispensable in protecting coastal areas from the devastating impacts of tsunamis, storms, and other natural disasters. Recognizing their importance and implementing measures to conserve and restore mangrove ecosystems are crucial steps in enhancing coastal resilience and reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities to natural hazards.

2 - The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by

(History)

(a) Universal Law

(b) Universal Truth

(d) Universal Soul

Ans -

(a) Universal Law (Dharma)

In Jainism, the concept of Universal Law, also known as Dharma, plays a fundamental role in understanding the functioning of the universe and the moral principles that govern life. Dharma represents the inherent natural order and ethical laws that shape the universe and the actions of all living beings within it.

Key aspects of Universal Law (Dharma) in Jain philosophy:

1. Ethical principles: Universal Law encompasses a set of ethical principles that guide individuals on how to live a righteous and moral life. It emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), chastity (brahmacharya), and non-attachment (aparigraha) as essential virtues for leading a virtuous life.

2. Karma and Reincarnation: Jainism believes in the concept of Karma, which is the law of cause and effect. According to this principle, every action performed by an individual, whether physical, mental, or verbal, produces consequences that affect their future experiences. These accumulated karmas influence the soul's cycle of birth, life, and rebirth (samsara) until liberation (moksha) is achieved.

3. Interconnectedness: Jainism emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living beings and the environment. The actions of one individual can affect others and the surrounding world. Thus, adhering to Universal Law involves recognizing and respecting the interdependence of all life forms and promoting harmony and balance in the ecosystem.

4. Pursuit of spiritual liberation: The ultimate goal in Jainism is to attain spiritual liberation or moksha, which means breaking the cycle of birth and death and achieving liberation from the continuous cycle of karmic bondage. Adhering to Universal Law and living a life of ethical conduct are considered essential for making progress on the spiritual path.

In summary, Universal Law (Dharma) in Jain philosophy represents the natural order and ethical principles that govern the universe and all living beings. It guides individuals on leading a righteous life, understanding the consequences of their actions (Karma), and ultimately seeking spiritual liberation (moksha) by breaking free from the cycle of birth and death. The practice of Universal Law promotes harmony, compassion, and non-violence, not only towards humans but also towards all forms of life and the environment.

3- Salinization occurs when the irrigation water accumulated in the soil evaporates, leaving behind salts and minerals. What are the effects of salinization on the irrigated land?

(a) It greatly increases the crop production

(b) It makes some soils impermeable

(d) It fills the air spaces in the soil with water .

Ans-

(b) It makes some soils impermeable

Salinization refers to the accumulation of salts and minerals in the soil due to the evaporation of irrigation water. When water containing dissolved salts is used for irrigation, and the water evaporates, the salts are left behind in the soil. Over time, this buildup of salts can lead to various adverse effects on the irrigated land, including making some soils impermeable.

Effects of salinization on irrigated land:

(a) It greatly increases the crop production: This statement is incorrect. Salinization is harmful to crop production. The accumulation of salts in the soil can hinder plant growth and reduce crop yields. Excessive salts in the soil can cause water stress in plants, making it challenging for them to take up water and nutrients, leading to reduced crop productivity.

(b) It makes some soils impermeable: This statement is correct. Salts in the soil can accumulate to high levels, forming saline layers near the surface. These saline layers can create impermeable barriers that reduce the infiltration and movement of water through the soil. As a result, water drainage becomes poor, and waterlogging may occur, making it difficult for plants to access the necessary water and leading to adverse impacts on agriculture.

(c) It raises the water table: This statement is incorrect. Salinization typically has the opposite effect on the water table. As salts accumulate in the soil, the soil's ability to hold water decreases, resulting in reduced water retention capacity. This can lead to a decline in the water table, as water drains away more quickly, affecting the availability of water for crops and other plants.

(d) It fills the air spaces in the soil with water: This statement is incorrect. Salinization does not fill the air spaces in the soil with water. Instead, it leads to the accumulation of salts in the soil, which can disrupt soil structure and reduce the presence of air spaces. The lack of proper aeration in the soil can negatively impact plant roots and soil microorganisms.

In summary, the correct effect of salinization on irrigated land is that it makes some soils impermeable, hindering water movement and drainage and leading to adverse impacts on crop growth and agriculture.

4 - The “Red Data Books” published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource (IUCN) contain lists of

1. Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotspots.

2. Threatened plant and animal species.

3. Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural resources in various countries. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (Environment)

(a) 1 and 3

(b) 2 only

(d) 3 only

Ans -

The correct answer is:

(b) 2 only

The "Red Data Books" published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource (IUCN) contain lists of threatened plant and animal species. These books provide information on the conservation status of various species, categorizing them based on their risk of extinction. The data presented in the Red Data Books are crucial for understanding and prioritizing conservation efforts for endangered species. The books do not specifically contain information about endemic species or protected sites for conservation.

5- Why is the offering of “teaser loans” by commercial banks a cause of economic concern?

1. The teaser loans are considered to be an aspect of sub-prime lending and banks may be exposed to the risk of defaulters in future.

2. In India, the teaser loans are mostly given to inexperienced entrepreneurs to set up manufacturing or export units. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (Economy)

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans-

The correct answer is: (a) 1 only The offering of "teaser loans" by commercial banks is a cause of economic concern primarily due to statement 1: 1. The teaser loans are considered to be an aspect of sub-prime lending, and banks may be exposed to the risk of defaulters in the future. Teaser loans, also known as introductory rate loans, are loans that offer an initial period of lower interest rates to attract borrowers. These lower interest rates make the loans appear more affordable and attractive in the beginning. However, after the initial period ends, the interest rates typically increase to higher, market-based rates. The concern with teaser loans lies in the potential risk of defaulters in the future. During the initial period of lower interest rates, borrowers may find it easier to make loan repayments. However, when the rates reset to higher levels, borrowers might struggle to meet the increased payments, leading to a higher risk of loan defaults. This was one of the contributing factors to the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the United States in the mid-2000s, which had severe implications for the global economy. Statement 2, which mentions that teaser loans in India are mostly given to inexperienced entrepreneurs to set up manufacturing or export units, is not mentioned as a specific cause of economic concern in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) 1 only.

6- An artificial satellite orbiting around the Earth does not fall down. This is so because the attraction of Earth. (Science)

(a) Does not exist at such distance

(b) Is neutralized by the attraction of the moon

(d) Provides the necessary acceleration for its motion

The correct answer is:

(d) Provides the necessary acceleration for its motion

An artificial satellite orbiting around the Earth does not fall down because the gravitational attraction of the Earth provides the necessary acceleration for its motion. When an object is in orbit, it is in a state of free fall towards the Earth due to the Earth's gravitational pull. However, the satellite also has a sufficient horizontal velocity that allows it to move forward at the same rate it falls towards the Earth. As a result, the satellite continuously falls towards the Earth, but due to its high enough velocity, it never reaches the surface. Instead, it continuously orbits around the Earth.

In this way, the Earth's gravitational attraction provides the necessary centripetal acceleration to keep the satellite in a stable orbit, preventing it from falling down to the Earth's surface. This concept is famously described by Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and his laws of motion.

7- In the context of Indian economy, consider the following statements:

1. The growth rate of GDP has steadily increased in the last five years.

2. The growth rate in per capita income has steadily increased in the last five years. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

8- In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities? (Economy)

(a) Commercial Banks

(b) Cooperative Banks

(d) Microfinance Institutions

Ans-

(a) Commercial Banks Commercial banks are the largest source of credit for the agriculture sector in India. They play a significant role in providing loans and financial services to farmers and allied activities. These banks have a wide network of branches and better access to financial resources, enabling them to cater to the credit needs of the agricultural sector effectively. Cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and microfinance institutions also contribute to providing credit to the agriculture sector, but their share in the total credit disbursement is relatively smaller compared to commercial banks. It is essential to note that the credit disbursement scenario may change over time due to various factors and policies, so it's always a good idea to refer to the latest data and reports from official sources like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) or the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare for the most up-to-date information on the distribution of credit to agriculture and allied activities in India.

9- Which of the following can aid in furthering the Government’s objective of inclusive growth? (Economy)

1. Promoting Self-Help Groups

2. Promoting Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

3. Implementing the Right to Education Act Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans-

The correct answer is:

(d) 1, 2, and 3

All of the following can aid in furthering the Government's objective of inclusive growth:

1. Promoting Self-Help Groups: Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are small, informal associations of people, typically from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, who come together to pool their resources and work collectively for their socio-economic development. Promoting SHGs can aid in inclusive growth by empowering women and marginalized communities, improving financial inclusion, and providing access to credit and livelihood opportunities.

2. Promoting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): MSMEs play a crucial role in promoting inclusive growth by generating employment, supporting entrepreneurship, and fostering economic diversification. Supporting and promoting MSMEs can lead to the equitable distribution of economic opportunities and income among different sections of society.

3. Implementing the Right to Education Act: The Right to Education (RTE) Act aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. By ensuring access to quality education for every child, the RTE Act contributes to inclusive growth by reducing educational disparities, promoting social mobility, and empowering individuals with knowledge and skills.

In summary, all three options (1. Promoting Self-Help Groups, 2. Promoting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, and 3. Implementing the Right to Education Act) can aid in furthering the Government's objective of inclusive growth by empowering marginalized communities, fostering economic opportunities, and promoting social inclusion. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) 1, 2, and 3.

10- Why is the Government of India disinvesting its equity in the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)? (Economy)

1. The Government intends to use the revenue earned from the disinvestment mainly to pay back the external debt.

2. The Government no longer intends to retain the management control of the CPSEs. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans-

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Disinvestment in Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) refers to the process of reducing the government's ownership and control in these state-owned companies. The government may sell a portion of its equity stake in CPSEs to private investors or the public through the stock market.

The reasons for disinvestment can vary based on the specific circumstances and objectives of each case. Some common reasons for disinvestment include:

1. Revenue Generation: Disinvestment allows the government to raise funds by selling its stake in CPSEs. The revenue generated from the disinvestment can be used for various purposes, such as reducing fiscal deficits, financing infrastructure projects, or meeting other government expenditures.

2. Improving Efficiency: Bringing in private sector participation through disinvestment can lead to increased efficiency and better management of CPSEs. Private investors may introduce new technology, expertise, and market-driven strategies, which can result in improved performance and competitiveness of these enterprises.

3. Reducing Fiscal Burden: Many CPSEs require regular financial support from the government to cover losses or meet capital expenditure. Disinvestment can help reduce the government's financial burden by transferring the responsibility of funding to private investors.

4. Promoting Market Capitalization: By listing CPSEs on the stock market, disinvestment can increase the market capitalization of these enterprises. This can positively impact the overall stock market and attract more investors, leading to greater liquidity and participation in the capital markets.

5. Unlocking Value of Public Assets: Disinvestment can unlock the value of public assets held in CPSEs and convert them into financial resources that can be used for various developmental purposes.

6. Strategic Objectives: In some cases, disinvestment might be driven by strategic objectives, such as encouraging sectoral competition, promoting innovation, or realigning the role of the government in specific industries.

It's important to note that while disinvestment can offer several potential benefits, it is a complex process that requires careful planning and consideration. The government needs to balance its objectives with the need to safeguard the interests of minority shareholders, ensure transparency, and manage potential social and economic implications.

In summary, the specific reasons for the Government of India's disinvestment in CPSEs can be multifaceted and can vary based on the particular circumstances and objectives of each case. Neither statement 1 nor 2, as given in the question, accurately captures all the potential reasons for disinvestment.

11- Which is the difference between asteroids and comets? (Science)

1. Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.

2. Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.

3. Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans-

The correct answer is:

(b) 1 and 3 only

1. Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material: This statement is correct. Asteroids are rocky objects, often referred to as minor planets or planetoids, primarily composed of metal and rocky material. On the other hand, comets are made up of ice, dust, and rocky material, forming a nucleus covered by a glowing coma (a cloud of gas and dust) and a perceptible glowing tail when they approach the Sun.

2. Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury: This statement is incorrect. Both asteroids and comets can be found in various regions of the solar system. Asteroids are often found in the asteroid belt, which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. However, they can also be found in other regions, such as near-Earth asteroids and Trojan asteroids. Comets, on the other hand, have orbits that can take them from the outer reaches of the solar system (far beyond Neptune) to closer orbits around the Sun (in some cases, even passing through the inner solar system). Comets can be found in various regions of the solar system, and their orbits are more varied compared to asteroids.

3. Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not: This statement is correct. Comets develop a glowing tail when they approach the Sun. As comets get closer to the Sun, solar radiation heats up the icy nucleus, causing the release of gas and dust. This material forms a glowing coma around the nucleus, and the pressure from the solar wind pushes the material away, creating a bright tail that points away from the Sun. In contrast, asteroids do not exhibit glowing tails, as they do not have significant amounts of volatile materials like comets.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 1 and 3 only.

12- Economic growth is usually coupled with . (Economy)

(a) Deflation

(b) Inflation

(d) Hyperinflation

Ans- Economic growth is usually coupled with:

(b) Inflation

Inflation is the general increase in prices of goods and services over time, resulting in the decrease in the purchasing power of money. Economic growth often leads to increased demand for goods and services, which can drive up prices in the economy. As businesses expand, wages rise, and consumption increases, inflation tends to rise in tandem with economic growth.

It's important to note that a moderate level of inflation is considered normal and even desirable in many economies, as it can encourage consumer spending, promote investment, and signal economic expansion. However, high or hyperinflation can have detrimental effects on the economy, leading to instability and eroding the value of money.

13 - The lowering of Bank Rate by the Reserve Bank of India leads to .(Economy)

(a) More liquidity in the market

(b) Less liquidity in the market

(d) Mobilization of more deposits by commercial banks

Ans-

The lowering of the Bank Rate by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) leads to:

(a) More liquidity in the market

The Bank Rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks in case of financial emergencies. When the RBI lowers the Bank Rate, it means that commercial banks can borrow from the RBI at a lower interest rate. This action increases the money supply in the banking system, leading to more liquidity in the market.

When commercial banks have access to cheaper funds from the RBI, they can also lower their lending rates to customers, making borrowing more affordable for businesses and individuals. This stimulates economic activity by encouraging borrowing and investment, which in turn leads to increased liquidity in the market.

Conversely, if the RBI raises the Bank Rate, it reduces the money supply in the market, making borrowing more expensive for commercial banks. This can lead to less liquidity in the market as borrowing becomes more costly, and commercial banks may also raise their lending rates, resulting in reduced economic activity.

14 - Westerlies in southern hemisphere are stronger and persistent than in northern hemisphere. Why? (Geography)

1. Southern hemisphere has less landmass as compared to northern hemisphere.

2. Coriolis force is higher in southern hemisphere as compared to northern hemisphere Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans-

(a) 1 only

Statement 1 is correct: The southern hemisphere has less landmass compared to the northern hemisphere. The distribution of land and water masses on Earth influences atmospheric circulation patterns. The southern hemisphere has a higher proportion of oceanic areas, which allows for relatively uniform temperatures, leading to stronger and more persistent westerly winds.

Statement 2 is not correct: The Coriolis force is not directly related to the difference in strength and persistence of the westerlies between the hemispheres. The Coriolis force is a result of the Earth's rotation and affects the direction of wind and ocean currents but does not directly determine the strength or persistence of the westerlies in one hemisphere over the other.

So, the correct answer is (a) 1 only.

15- Between India and East Asia, the navigation-time and distance can be greatly reduced by which of the following? (Geography)

1. Deepening the Malacca straits between Malaysia and Indonesia.

2. Opening a new canal across the Kra isthmus between the Gulf of Siam and Andaman Sea.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b)2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans-

The correct answer is:

Both statements 1 and 2 are correct in terms of reducing navigation time and distance between India and East Asia:

1. Deepening the Malacca straits between Malaysia and Indonesia: The Strait of Malacca is one of the most crucial and busy waterways in the world, connecting the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Deepening the Malacca straits could allow larger vessels to navigate through the strait more efficiently, reducing the transit time and distance for ships traveling between India and East Asia.

2. Opening a new canal across the Kra isthmus between the Gulf of Siam and Andaman Sea: Constructing a canal across the Kra isthmus in Thailand would create a new and shorter route for maritime traffic between the Gulf of Siam and the Andaman Sea. This would bypass the longer journey around the Malay Peninsula, further reducing the navigation time and distance for ships traveling between India and East Asia.

Both of these measures would improve maritime connectivity and trade efficiency between India and East Asian countries. By reducing the navigation time and distance, these improvements can have significant economic and strategic benefits for the countries involved and contribute to the development of regional trade and cooperation.

16- Consider the following:

1. Right to education.

2. Right to equal access to public service.

3. Right to food.

Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rishts”?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans.

The correct answer is:

(d) 1, 2, and 3

All of the above - Right to education, Right to equal access to public service, and Right to food - are Human Rights under the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (UDHR). The UDHR is a milestone document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It sets out the fundamental human rights to be universally protected and promoted.

1. Right to education: Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education. Education is considered a fundamental human right essential for the full development of individuals and societies.

2. Right to equal access to public service: The right to equal access to public service is implicit in several articles of the UDHR, such as Article 7 (All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law) and Article 21 (Everyone has the right to take part in the government of their country, directly or through freely chosen representatives).

3. Right to food: The right to food is also recognized as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 25 of the UDHR states that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of themselves and their family, including food.

In summary, all three - Right to education, Right to equal access to public service, and Right to food - are Human Rights as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) 1, 2, and 3.

17- There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? (Environment)

1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries.

2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon.

3. Upwelling in the seas. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans-

The correct answer is:

(d) 1, 2, and 3

All three factors - discharge of nutrients from the estuaries, run-off from the land during the monsoon, and upwelling in the seas - could be causative factors for the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India.

1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries: Estuaries are areas where rivers meet the sea, and they often serve as a natural habitat for various marine organisms. Human activities, such as agricultural runoff and discharge of untreated industrial waste, can introduce excessive nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) into the estuaries. These nutrients act as fertilizers for some algae, leading to the rapid growth and proliferation of harmful algal species, resulting in algal blooms.

2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon: During the monsoon season, heavy rainfall can wash nutrients and pollutants from the land into the coastal waters and seas. This runoff can carry agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, and other pollutants that contribute to the nutrient load in the water. Similar to the estuaries, these nutrients can stimulate harmful algal blooms when present in excessive amounts.

3. Upwelling in the seas: Upwelling is a process where cold, nutrient-rich waters from the deep sea are brought to the surface. These nutrient-rich waters can fuel the growth of certain types of algae, including harmful algal species. Upwelling is a natural phenomenon, and in some cases, it can contribute to the occurrence of harmful algal blooms.

The combination of these factors, along with other environmental conditions, can lead to the proliferation of harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. Harmful algal blooms can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems, human health, and coastal economies, making it a matter of concern for environmental and public health authorities. Efforts to monitor, mitigate, and prevent harmful algal blooms are essential to maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems and coastal environments.

18- Consider the following:

1. Photosynthesis

2. Respiration

3. Decay of organic matter

4. Volcanic action

Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth?

(a) 1 and 4 only

(b)2 and 3 only

(d)1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans.

The correct answer is:

1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a process carried out by plants, algae, and some bacteria, where they use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere and incorporated into organic matter (glucose). This process removes carbon dioxide from the carbon cycle, reducing its concentration in the atmosphere.

2. Respiration: Respiration is a process that occurs in all living organisms, including plants, animals, and microbes. During respiration, organic matter (such as glucose) is broken down to release energy, and carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct. Respiration adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle, as it releases the carbon that was previously stored in organic matter back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

3. Decay of organic matter: The decay of organic matter, such as dead plant and animal material, is carried out by decomposer organisms like bacteria and fungi. During decay, the organic matter is broken down, and carbon dioxide is released as a result. This process adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle by releasing carbon that was previously stored in the organic matter back into the atmosphere.

4. Volcanic action: Volcanic action, such as volcanic eruptions, can release carbon dioxide and other gases stored in the Earth's crust into the atmosphere. This volcanic outgassing is a natural process and adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) 2, 3, and 4 only. Photosynthesis is the only process among the options that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporates it into organic matter.

19- The "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement" are two distinct multilateral export control regimes aimed at preventing the proliferation of chemical, biological, and conventional weapons, as well as related technology and equipment. Here are the key differences between them:

1. Nature and Formation:

- Australia Group: The Australia Group is an informal arrangement of countries that was formed in response to Australia's initiation in 1984. It operates on the basis of voluntary participation and consensus among its member countries. The primary objective of the Australia Group is to control the export of materials and technologies that could be used in the development of chemical and biological weapons.

- Wassenaar Arrangement: The Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group established in 1996. It is part of the broader framework of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and operates as a regime under the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Wassenaar Arrangement focuses on controlling the export of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies, including those with military applications.

2. Scope and Objectives:

- Australia Group: The main objective of the Australia Group is to ensure that exports of certain chemicals, biological agents, and related technologies are used only for legitimate purposes and do not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons. It aims to minimize the risk of assisting in the proliferation of such weapons.

- Wassenaar Arrangement: The Wassenaar Arrangement is broader in scope and aims to enhance regional and international security and stability by promoting transparency and responsibility in the transfer of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. It covers items with both military and civilian applications and seeks to prevent destabilizing accumulations and misuse of these items.

3. Membership:

- Australia Group: The Australia Group consists of several countries from around the world, which actively participate in the export control efforts to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons.

- Wassenaar Arrangement: The Wassenaar Arrangement includes many Western countries and other nations with advanced technological capabilities. It has 42 participating states as of my last knowledge update in September 2021.

In summary, the main difference between the "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement" lies in their nature, focus, and objectives. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement primarily concerned with chemical and biological weapons proliferation, while the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal regime focusing on the control of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. Both groups work to prevent the misuse of sensitive technologies and materials and contribute to global security and non-proliferation efforts.

20- The surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter, but the water at its bottom is still liquid. What is the reason? (Science)

(a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat

(b) Since the surface of the lake is at the same temperature as the air, no heat is lost

(d) None of the statements (a), (b), and (c) given above is correct

Ans.

The reason the surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter while the water at its bottom remains liquid is:

(a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat

Ice is a poor conductor of heat compared to liquid water. When the air temperature drops in severe winter, the surface of the lake loses heat to the colder air, causing it to freeze. As ice forms on the surface, it acts as an insulating layer, preventing further heat loss from the liquid water below. This insulating property of ice helps to protect the water at the bottom of the lake from freezing despite the low air temperatures.

Option (b) is not correct because the surface of the lake is not at the same temperature as the air during severe winter. It is colder than the air, which causes it to freeze.

Option (c) is not directly related to the phenomenon described. The density of water is indeed maximum at 4ºC, which is why ice forms on the surface, as it is less dense than liquid water. However, this is not the reason why the water at the bottom of the lake remains liquid in severe winter. The primary reason is the poor heat conductivity of ice, which creates the insulating effect.

Therefore, the correct answer is (a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat.

21- A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?

(a) Indian wild buffalo

(b) Indian wild ass

(d) Indian gazelle

Ans-

The animal species that could be the natural habitat of a sandy and saline area with no predators but is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat is:

(b) Indian wild ass

The Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) is a species of wild equid found in the arid and saline deserts of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the Rann of Kutch and parts of Rajasthan. These areas have sandy and saline terrain that is well-suited for the survival of the Indian wild ass. The wild ass is known for its ability to withstand arid conditions and feed on tough vegetation in such habitats.

The Indian wild ass has adapted to survive without significant natural predators in these areas. However, its existence is threatened due to habitat destruction, human encroachment, and competition for resources with domestic livestock. As a result, it is listed as an endangered species and faces conservation challenges to ensure its survival in the wild.

22- La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino?

1. La Nina is characterised by unusually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans-

The correct answer is:

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Both statements are incorrect:

1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, not the Indian Ocean. During La Nina, there is a cooling of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, leading to specific climate patterns worldwide.

2. Both El Nino and La Nina have an impact on the climate, including the monsoon climate in India. El Nino tends to weaken the Indian monsoon and can lead to below-average rainfall, affecting agriculture and water resources. La Nina, on the other hand, is associated with enhanced monsoon conditions and can result in above-average rainfall.

In summary, neither statement 1 nor statement 2 is correct. La Nina and El Nino are opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate phenomenon, and they both have significant impacts on weather patterns and climate around the world, including the Indian monsoon.

23- The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions?

(a) Making Zamindar’s position stronger vis-à-vis the ryot

(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars.

(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above

Ans.

(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars.

The reason for the tendency of increased litigation after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793 is attributed to the provision that made the East India Company an overlord of the Zamindars.

Under the Permanent Settlement system introduced by Lord Cornwallis, the Zamindars were given permanent hereditary rights over the land, and their revenue share was fixed. The British East India Company became the superior landlord or overlord, and the Zamindars acted as intermediaries between the Company and the ryots (peasants who cultivated the land).

Due to the fixed revenue demand imposed by the Company on the Zamindars, the latter exerted increased pressure on the ryots to extract maximum revenue from them. This led to disputes and conflicts over land rights, revenue payments, and other matters between the Zamindars and the ryots, resulting in an increase in litigation.

Thus, the correct answer is (b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars.

24 - Which one of the following observations is not true about the Quit India Movement of 1942?

(a) It was a non-violent movement

(b) It was led by Mahatma Gandhi

(d) It did not attract the labour class in general

Ans-

(d) It did not attract the labor class in general

The observation that the Quit India Movement of 1942 did not attract the labor class in general is not true. The Quit India Movement was a broad-based and mass movement that attracted participation from various sections of Indian society, including the labor class.

During the Quit India Movement, workers from different industries and trade unions actively participated in strikes, protests, and civil disobedience against British colonial rule. The labor class played a significant role in the movement, showing solidarity with the call for "Quit India" and demanding an end to British rule in India.

The other statements are true about the Quit India Movement:

(a) It was a non-violent movement: While the Quit India Movement had strong non-violent elements and Gandhian principles at its core, it also witnessed instances of violence and clashes with the British authorities during its course.

(b) It was led by Mahatma Gandhi: Yes, Mahatma Gandhi was the key leader of the Quit India Movement and played a central role in mobilizing the masses against British rule.

(c) It was a spontaneous movement: The Quit India Movement was triggered by the failure of negotiations between the Indian National Congress and the British government. It emerged as a spontaneous response to the call for "Quit India" and witnessed widespread participation from people across India.

In summary, the correct answer is (d) It did not attract the labor class in general.

25- Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19th century?

(a) Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation of tribal products

(b) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas

(d) The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities

Ans.

Option (c) is the correct answer.

During the 19th century, the British colonial administration introduced various policies and reforms in tribal areas of India, which significantly affected the lives of tribal communities. One of the critical changes was the introduction of intermediaries or middlemen, such as money lenders, traders, and revenue farmers.

Here's how the rise of intermediaries led to tribal insurrections:

1. Economic Exploitation: The intermediaries were given the authority to collect revenue from tribal communities on behalf of the British government. However, instead of functioning fairly, many of these middlemen took advantage of their positions and engaged in exploitative practices.

2. Exorbitant Interest Rates: Money lenders, in particular, charged exorbitant interest rates on loans given to tribal people. As a result, the tribal communities fell into debt traps and faced severe economic hardships.

3. Unfair Trades: Traders and revenue farmers often manipulated the prices of tribal products, paying the tribal people much less than the market value for their goods. This unfair trade further exacerbated the economic distress of the tribal communities.

4. Loss of Autonomy: The introduction of intermediaries disrupted the traditional agrarian order of tribal communities. It reduced their autonomy over their lands and resources, as they had to pay revenue and taxes to the middlemen.

5. Social and Cultural Impact: The economic exploitation and loss of autonomy led to social unrest and cultural discontent among the tribal communities. They felt marginalized and alienated by the new system imposed by the British.

As a consequence of these exploitative practices and loss of autonomy, the tribal communities became increasingly dissatisfied with the British administration and the intermediaries. This discontentment culminated in various tribal uprisings and insurrections against the British rule during the 19th century.

Therefore, the rise of intermediaries, including money lenders, traders, and revenue farmers, is the correct answer as it significantly contributed to the basis for tribal insurrections in India during that period.

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